一个明显的是利他性的行为，表面看去似乎（不管可能性如何小）使利他主义者有较大的可能死亡，而受益者有较大的可能生存下来。更仔细地观察一下，常常会发现明显的利他行为实际上是伪装起来的自私行为。我要再次声明，我绝不是说它们的潜在动机都是心怀自私。
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